By Jamie Martin
The H5N1 strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has significantly impacted U.S. agriculture, especially in the poultry and dairy industries. Since the virus was detected in 2022, it has led to the culling of millions of birds, causing poultry farmers substantial financial losses. The USDA’s efforts to control the outbreak through depopulation of infected flocks have not fully offset the damage to farmers' livelihoods.
In addition to poultry, the virus has now affected dairy cattle. Although the infection rate in cows is lower, the impact on milk production is severe. Dairy farmers are experiencing reduced yields, which affects both their income and the overall milk supply. The USDA has announced compensation programs to help mitigate the losses caused by HPAI in dairy herds, but the long-term effects remain uncertain.
Food security is under pressure as HPAI contributes to skyrocketing egg prices. In early 2025, retail egg prices saw a staggering increase, which has made eggs less affordable for many American families. Although dairy prices have not risen as dramatically, the ongoing threat of HPAI could drive prices up further if the virus continues to spread.
To support the agricultural sector, the USDA has allocated funds for improving biosecurity measures and providing financial relief to affected farmers. However, the virus’s mutation and its spread across multiple species signal the need for continued research and international cooperation to contain the outbreak. The economic and health consequences of HPAI are far-reaching and require comprehensive policy responses to protect U.S. food security.
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Categories: National